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Arabic Basics
3. Derived Stems - 10 Forms

  • Derived Stems for tri-literal Arabic words
  • The first entry is a noun in the perfect tense.
  • The second entry letter shows how to vowel the imperfect tense.
  • Then the verbal noun in (parenthesis) is – masdar
  • Then derived stems by tri-literal forms:

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X.
Note: very few words have all the stems from I – X.

Example 1 - (f-'a-l)

  • I =    is  fa^ala - using Fa, Ain (^), Lam
  • as listed above in the perfect and imperfect tenses with masdar.
  • II =   is  fa^^ala – doubled middle vowel
  • III =  is  faa^ala – prolonged first vowel
  • IV =  is  af^ala – alif at front, with sukoon on first consonant.
  • V =       tafa^^ala – add the Ta to II
  • VI =      tafaa^ala – add the Ta to III
  • VII =     infa^ala – add “in” to the front
  • VIII =   ifta^ala – use pattern
  • IX =      if^alla – use pattern with doubled third consonent
  • X =       istaf^ala – add “ista” to the front

Example 2 - (gh-f-r)
  • I       ghafara
  • II      ghaffar
  • III     ghaafar
  • IV     aghfar
  • V      taghaffar
  • VI     taghaafar
  • VII    inghafar
  • VIII   ightafar
  • IX     ighfarr
  • X      istaghfar

Example 3 - (d-r-s)
  • I      darasa
  • II     darras
  • III    daaras
  • IV    adras
  • V     tadarras
  • VI    tadaaras
  • VII  indaras
  • VIII idtaras
  • IX   idrass
  • X    istadras

This one shows the spelling in a real example.

Example 4 - (r-q-b)
  • I = raqaba (perfect) =  observe/watch –  (imperfect) = control
  • II =  raqqaba = wait
  • III = raaqaba = to detect/supervise
  • IV = arqab =  expect/look for
  • V = taraqqaba = anticipate
  • VI,VII = taraaqaba – inraqaba = unwatched, uncontrolled
  • VIII = lie in wait/stalk
  • X = istarqaba = not defined
  • masdar = raqb =  surveillance - muraqaba = inspection/censor

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